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Citations may be made in the body of text as parenthetical citations,Template:Fact in footnotes at the bottom of pages, or in endnotes at the end of a document. They may also be listed in a “works cited” page or section, in a bibliography, or in a list Template:Citation neededof references.

The recording, use, and reuse of citations on computers is facilitated by reference management software, also known as citation management software.

Citation indexes list published citations between various works. In addition to being used for bibliographic discovery, they are used in bibliometrics Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed for citaTemplate:Citation neededtion analysis and the calculation of Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation neededv

Content

Citations of a book generally include at least author(s), book title, publisher, and date of publication.Template:Fact Citations of a journal article generally include at least author(s), article title, journal title,Template:Citation neededvolume, pages, and date of publication.

Citations of a work on the Internet usually include at least a URL and a date when the work was accessed.Template:Fact

Works Cited Bruck, David. “The Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation neededDeath Penalty.” 40 Model Essays. Ed. Jane E. Aaron. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. 327 – 331. “Capital Punishment Today.” Newsweek. July 2005. < www.galegroup.com>. “Home Schooling.” The Education Liberator Mar. 1997 <http://www.sepschool.org>. Jensen, Marlene. Women Who Want to Be Boss. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Inc., 1987. Jones, Thomas, Arthur F. McGovern. Ethical Dilemmas in Corporations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:: Prentice Inc., 1998 Jones, Thomas, George Grabel, and Amanda Atkins. A Source of Triumph. Westville, Illinois: Random House, Template:Citation needed1998. Lewis, Peter HTemplate:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed. “Software to Help You Wax Poetic.” Time 27 Sept. 1998: C5 “Newsreel.” Encyclopedia Americana. 1997 ed. “Work LifTemplate:Citation needed Template:Citation needede is Leaving Less Time for Living.” Article. The Boston Globe 21 Aug. 1998: 1+.

Format styles

Some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for Aristotle; line numTemplate:Citation neededbers in poems; Bible citation by book, chapter and vTemplate:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needederse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene. Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Various organizations have created systems of citation to fit their needs. They can broadly be divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations. Some of the most important are:

Humanities

The APA style is the American Psychological Association style format which is most often used in social sciences. APA style lists sources at the end of the paper, on a References Page. Listing electronic sources of information is more detailed in APA style than in MLA style. APA style uses parenthetical citation within the text, listing the author's name and the year the work was made. These work much like the MLA style's parenthetical citations.

The American Political Science Association (APSA) publication on citation is the Style Template:Citation neededManual for Political Science, which is a system often used by political science scholars and historians. It is largely based on that ofTemplate:Citation needed the Chicago Manual of Style. Template:Fact

The ASA style of [[American STemplate:Citation neededoc Template:Citation needediological Association]] is one of the main styles used in sociological Template:Citation neededp Template:Citation neededu Template:Citation neededb Template:Citation neededlications.Template:Fact

The Bluebook is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts. ^[1] At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citation is controversial among lawyers, because it is thought to be one of the reasons why most laypersons find legal writing hard to read.

The Chicago Style was developed and its guide is The Chicago Manual of Style. Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical Turabian style. Used by writers in many fields.

The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor toTemplate:Citation needed give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences. More information can be found in The Columbia Guide to Online Style.

Template:Citation needed|Harvard Style]] is recommended by the British Standards Institution and involves a short reference (e.g SmithTemplate:Citation needed, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.

The MHRA Style Guide is the Modern Humanities Research Association style format and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the United Kingdom where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a rTemplate:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation neededeader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free dowTemplate:Citation needednload [1].

MLA style was developed by The Modern Language Association and is most often used in English studies, comparative literature, foreign-language literary criticism, and some other fields in the humanities. MLA style uses a Works Cited Page to list works at the end of the paper. Brief parenthetical citations, which include an author and page (if applicable), are used within the text. These direct readers to the work of the author on the list of works cited, and the page of the work where the information is located (e.g. (Smith 107) refers the reader to page 107Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed of the work made by someone named Smith). More information can be found in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.

Author-date system

Sciences

The ACS style is the American Chemical Society style format and is often useTemplate:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation neededd in chemical literature.

In AIP, American Institute of Physics, references in most physics journals are numbered in the text and the reference list.

The AMS styles, e.g., AMS-LaTeX, are styles developed for the American Mathematical Society (AMS), typically implemented using the BibTeX tool in the LaTeX typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g., [AB90]. This type of style can also be called a "Authorship trigraph."

The CSE/CBE style is the Council of Biology Editors style format, which is most often used in scientific papers and research.

The IEEE Style is commonly used in technical fields, particularly in computer science. In IEEE style, citations are numbered, but citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number. For more information, see IEEE Style Documentation.

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External links

Guidelines

Examples

Illustrated examples, generated using BibTeX, of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using BibTeX.

Style guides

Citation Guide Guide to writing citations in any format, plus Killer Bib Tool that formats citations automatically.
AMA Citation Style
Citation Machine - an interactive web tool designed to assist high school, college, and university students, their teachers, and independent researchers in their effort to respect other people's intellectual properties
Swarthmore library's Guide to Citation Styles for Science and Humanities.

References

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↑ Peter W. Martin profiles the use of the Harvard Bluebook, the standard Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation needed Template:Citation neededlegal citation form guide for law reviews and federal courts.

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