Template:Citation

A citation or bibliographic citation is a reference to a bookTemplate:Fact, article, web page, or other published item with sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely. Unpublished writings or speech, such as working papers and personal communications, are also sometimes cited. Citations are provided in scholarly works, bibliographies, and indexes. The word citation may also mean the act of citing a work, that is, providing a reference to the work in the form of a bibliographic citation.

Citations are used in scholarly works to give credit to or acknowledge the influence of previous works, or to refer to authorities. Citations permit readers Template:Factto put claims to the Template:Facttest by consulting Template:Factearlier works. Authors Template:Factoften engage Template:Factearlier work directly, explaining Template:Factwhy they agree with, or Template:Factdiffer from, earlier views. Template:FactIdeally, sources are [[Template:Factprimary source|primary]] (Template:Factfirst-hand) and recent.

Varying rules and Template:Factpractices for citations apply in Template:Factscientific citation, legal citation, Template:Facttheological citation, Template:Factprior art, Template:Factpatent law, Template:Factand copyright law. Definitions Template:Factof plagiarism, uniqueness, Template:Factinnovation, trustworthiness, and reliability Template:Factvary so widely Template:Factamong these fields that the Template:Factuse of citations Template:Facthas no simple common Template:Factpractice.

Citations may be Template:Factmade in the Template:Factbody of text as parenthetical citationTemplate:Facts, in footnotes Template:Factat the bottom of Template:Factpages, or in endnotes at the Template:Factend of a documentTemplate:Fact. They may also be Template:Factlisted in a Template:Fact“works cited” page or Template:Factsection, in a bibliography, or in a list of references.

The recording,Template:Fact use, and reuse of citations on computers Template:Factis facilitated by Template:Factreference management software, also known Template:Factas citation management software.

Template:FactCitation indexes list published citations Template:Factbetween various works. In Template:Factaddition to being used for bibliographic discovery, they are used in bibliometrics for citation analysis and the calculation of citation impact.

Content

Citations of a book generally include at least author(s), book title, publisher, and date of publication. Citations of a journal article generally include at least author(s), article title, journal title, volume, pages, and date of publication.

Citations of Template:Facta work on Template:Factthe Internet usually include at least a URL and a date when the work was accessed. Template:Fact

Template:Fact== Format styles == There are a number of different guides which set styles for the format of citations.

Some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for Aristotle; line Template:Factnumbers in poems; Bible citation by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene.

Various organizations have created systems of citation to fit their needs. Some of the most important are:

• The [[ACS }style]]Template:Fact is the American Chemical Society style format and is often used in chemical literature.

• The APA style is the American Psychological Association style format which is most often used in social sciences. APA style lists sources at the end of the paper, on a References Page. Template:FactTemplate:FactListing electronic sources Template:Factof information is more detailed in Template:FactAPA style than in MLA style. APA style uses parenthetical citation within the text, listing the author's name and the year the work was made. These work much like the MLA style's parenthetical citations.

• The American Political Science Association (APSA) publication on citation is the Style Manual for Political Science, which is a system often used by political science scholars and historians. It is largely based Template:Facton that of the Chicago Manual of Style.

• The ASA style of American Sociological Association is one of the main styles used in sociological publications.Template:Fact

• The Bluebook is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts. At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citation is controversial among lawyers, because it is thought to be one of the reasons why most laypersons find legal writing hard to read.

• The CBE style is the Council of Biology Editors style format, which is most often used in scientific papers and research.

• The Chicago Style was developed and its guide is The Chicago Manual of Style. Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical Turabian style.

• The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences. More information can be found in The Columbia Guide to Online Style.

• The Harvard Style is recommended by the British Standards Institution and involves a short reference (e.g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.

• The IEEE Style is commonly used in technical fields, particularly in computer science. In IEEE style, citations are numbered, but citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document,Template:Fact next to the respective citation number. For more information, see IEEE Style Documentation.

• The MHRA Style Guide is the Modern Humanities Research Association style format and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the United Kingdom where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliographyTemplate:Fact at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download [1].

• MLA style was developed by The Modern Language Association and is most often used in English studies, comparative literature, foreign-language literary criticism, and some other fields in the humanities. MLA style uses a Works Cited Page to list works at the end of the paper. Brief parenthetical citations, which include an author and page (if applicable), are used within the text. These direct readers to the work of the author on the list of works cited, and the page of the work where the information is located (e.g. (Smith 107) refers the reader to page 107 of the work made by someone named Smith). More information can be found in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.

• Author-date system

See also

• Acknowledgment (creative arts)Template:Fact
• Case citationTemplate:Fact
• Citation creatorTemplate:Fact
• Citation signalTemplate:Fact
• CitationalityTemplate:FactTemplate:Fact
• Credit (creative arts)Template:Fact
• Cross-referenceTemplate:Fact
• Scholarly methodTemplate:Fact
• Source evaluationTemplate:Fact

External links

Guidelines

• Citing Electronic Documentation (APA, Chicago, MLA)Template:Fact
• General Guidelines for Citing US Government PublicationsTemplate:Fact
• Guide to Citation Style GuidesTemplate:Fact
• ONLINE! Citation Styles (An online guide to different citation formats)Template:Fact
• Document it Citation and Referencing tool

Style guides

• AMA Citation StyleTemplate:Fact
• Citation Machine - an interactive web tool designed to assist high school, college, and university students, their teachers, and independent researchers in their effort to respect other people's intellectual properties

References

1. Florida State University librariesTemplate:FactTemplate:Fact