Template:Citation: Difference between revisions

From BitProjects
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Sources>CBM
Restoring previous citation style; WP:CITE advises not to change an established citation style
Sources>SlimVirgin
but this isn't a citation style -- it's a hodge podge, not mentioned on WP:CITE that I can see
Line 9: Line 9:
Citations include:
Citations include:


*of a book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate;<ref>Long Island University.</ref><ref>Duke University Libraries.</ref>
*of a book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate;<ref>[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing "Anatomy of a Citation"], Long Island University, Library Workshop Manual : Section 4, accessed February 3, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/booksingle.html "Book with a Single Author"], Duke University Libraries, accessed February 4, 2008.</ref>
*of a journal article: author(s), article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers, date of publication, and page number(s);
*of a journal article: author(s), article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers, date of publication, and page number(s);
*of a newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication;
*of a newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication;
*of a work on the [[World Wide Web|Web]]: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
*of a work on the [[World Wide Web|Web]]: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
*of a play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).<ref name=Brigham>Brigham Young University.</ref>
*of a play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).<ref name=Brigham>[http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm "How to cite sources in the body of your paper"], Brigham Young University.</ref>
*of a poem: If the text is more than one line of the poem, use a slash (/) with a space before and after it to indicate the separate lines. Include the word "line" or "lines" in the Harvard reference. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15-16).<ref name=Brigham/>
*of a poem: If the text is more than one line of the poem, use a slash (/) with a space before and after it to indicate the separate lines. Include the word "line" or "lines" in the Harvard reference. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15-16).<ref name=Brigham/>


Line 30: Line 30:
*The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
*The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
*[[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is recommended by the British Standards Institution and involves a short reference (e.g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.
*[[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is recommended by the British Standards Institution and involves a short reference (e.g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.
*The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]], and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download.<ref>Modern Humanities Research Association.</ref>
*The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]], and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download.<ref>[http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ "MHRA Style Guide"], Modern Humanities Research Association, accessed February 8, 2008.</ref>
*[[MLA style manual|MLA style]] was developed by the [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in the humanities, particularly in [[English studies]], [[comparative literature]], and foreign-language [[literary criticism]]. [[Harvard referencing]] is used within the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a Works Cited page at the end of the paper. See the ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers''.
*[[MLA style manual|MLA style]] was developed by the [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in the humanities, particularly in [[English studies]], [[comparative literature]], and foreign-language [[literary criticism]]. [[Harvard referencing]] is used within the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a Works Cited page at the end of the paper. See the ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers''.


===Legal===
===Legal===
*The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>Martin 2007.</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.
*The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>Martin, Peter W. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ "Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.)"], Cornell University Law School, first [published 1993, revised May 2007, accessed February 3, 2008.</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.


=== Sciences ===
=== Sciences ===
*The [[ACS style]] is the [[American Chemical Society]] style, often used in chemistry.<ref>University of Berkeley Library.</ref>
*The [[ACS style]] is the [[American Chemical Society]] style, often used in chemistry.<ref>[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/CHEM/acsstyle.html "ACS (American Chemical Society) Style Guidelines Quick Guide"], Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library, University of California Berkeley Library, February 3, 2008.</ref>
* In the AIP style of the [[American Institute of Physics]], references are numbered in the text and the reference list.
* In the AIP style of the [[American Institute of Physics]], references are numbered in the text and the reference list.
*The AMS styles, e.g., [[AMS-LaTeX]], are styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "''Authorship trigraph.''"
*The AMS styles, e.g., [[AMS-LaTeX]], are styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "''Authorship trigraph.''"
*The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]], is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
*The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]], is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.<ref>ASME Journals Digital Submission Tool, IEEE Editorial Style Manual.</ref>
** In one major variant, citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.<ref>See [http://journaltool.asme.org/Help/AuthorHelp/WebHelp/JournalsHelp.htm ASME] and [http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/publications/authors/transjnl/stylemanual.pdf IEEE] style documentation.</ref>
* Pechenik is a style described in "A Short Guide to Writing about Biology" by Jan A. Pechenik.<ref>University of Alberta.</ref>
* Pechenik is a style described in "A Short Guide to Writing about Biology" by Jan A. Pechenik.<ref>[http://www.augustana.ab.ca/files/group/418/pechenik_qg_november2007.pdf "Pechenik Citation Style"], University of Alberta.</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 58: Line 58:
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
==References ==
* [http://journaltool.asme.org/Help/AuthorHelp/WebHelp/JournalsHelp.htm ASME Journals Digital Submission Tool], American Society of Mechanical Engineers, accessed February 8, 2008.
* [http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm "How to cite sources in the body of your paper"], Brigham Young University, accessed February 8, 2008.
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/booksingle.html "Book with a Single Author"], Duke University Libraries, accessed February 4, 2008.
* [http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing "Anatomy of a Citation"], Long Island University, Library Workshop Manual : Section 4, accessed February 3, 2008.
* [http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/publications/authors/transjnl/stylemanual.pdf  IEEE Editorial Style Manual], [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]], accessed February 8, 2008.
* [http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ "Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.)"], Peter W. Martin, Cornell University Law School, first published 1993, revised May 2007, accessed February 3, 2008.
* [http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ "MHRA Style Guide"], Modern Humanities Research Association, accessed February 8, 2008.
* [http://www.augustana.ab.ca/files/group/418/pechenik_qg_november2007.pdf "Pechenik Citation Style"], University of Alberta.
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/CHEM/acsstyle.html "ACS (American Chemical Society) Style Guidelines Quick Guide"], Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library, University of California Berkeley Library, February 3, 2008.


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

Revision as of 00:37, 9 February 2008

Template:Otheruses Template:Selfref

A citation or bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item, with sufficient detail to allow a reader to locate it. Different citation styles and systems are used in scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the humanities.

Citation styles tend to have a two-part structure: a style for citing material within the text, in the form of a footnote, endnote, or Harvard reference, and another style for providing a full citation in a bibliography section.

Content

Citations include:

  • of a book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate;[1][2]
  • of a journal article: author(s), article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers, date of publication, and page number(s);
  • of a newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication;
  • of a work on the Web: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was accessed.
  • of a play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).[3]
  • of a poem: If the text is more than one line of the poem, use a slash (/) with a space before and after it to indicate the separate lines. Include the word "line" or "lines" in the Harvard reference. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15-16).[3]

Styles

Template:Styles Template:Main There are a number of different style guides. Some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for Aristotle; line numbers in poems; Bible citation by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene.

Various organizations have created systems of citation to fit their needs. They can broadly be divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations. Some of the most important are:

Humanities

  • The APA style is the American Psychological Association style, which is most often used in social sciences. APA style uses Harvard referencing within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.
  • The American Political Science Association (APSA) relies on the Style Manual for Political Science, a style often used by political science scholars and historians. It is largely based on that of the Chicago Manual of Style.
  • The ASA style of American Sociological Association is one of the main styles used in sociological publications.
  • The Chicago Style was developed and its guide is The Chicago Manual of Style. Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical Turabian style. Used by writers in many fields.
  • The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
  • Harvard referencing (or author-date system) is recommended by the British Standards Institution and involves a short reference (e.g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.
  • The MHRA Style Guide is published by the Modern Humanities Research Association, and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the United Kingdom where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download.[4]
  • MLA style was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in the humanities, particularly in English studies, comparative literature, and foreign-language literary criticism. Harvard referencing is used within the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a Works Cited page at the end of the paper. See the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
  • The Bluebook is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.[5] At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.

Sciences

  • The ACS style is the American Chemical Society style, often used in chemistry.[6]
  • In the AIP style of the American Institute of Physics, references are numbered in the text and the reference list.
  • The AMS styles, e.g., AMS-LaTeX, are styles developed for the American Mathematical Society (AMS), typically implemented using the BibTeX tool in the LaTeX typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "Authorship trigraph."
  • The Vancouver system, recommended by the Council of Science Editors, is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
    • In one major variant, citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.[7]
  • Pechenik is a style described in "A Short Guide to Writing about Biology" by Jan A. Pechenik.[8]

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Guidelines
Examples
  • Illustrated examples, generated using BibTeX, of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
  • PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using BibTeX.
Style guides

de:Zitation he:ציטוט ko:인용 cs:Citace pt:Citação

  1. ↑ "Anatomy of a Citation", Long Island University, Library Workshop Manual : Section 4, accessed February 3, 2008.
  2. ↑ "Book with a Single Author", Duke University Libraries, accessed February 4, 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "How to cite sources in the body of your paper", Brigham Young University.
  4. ↑ "MHRA Style Guide", Modern Humanities Research Association, accessed February 8, 2008.
  5. ↑ Martin, Peter W. "Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.)", Cornell University Law School, first [published 1993, revised May 2007, accessed February 3, 2008.
  6. ↑ "ACS (American Chemical Society) Style Guidelines Quick Guide", Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library, University of California Berkeley Library, February 3, 2008.
  7. ↑ See ASME and IEEE style documentation.
  8. ↑ "Pechenik Citation Style", University of Alberta.
Retrieved from "https://bitprojects.org/index.php?title=Template:Citation&oldid=34443"