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== Social sciences ==
== Social sciences ==
*The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in ''[[The Style Manual of the APA]]'', is most often used in [[social sciences]].  APA style uses [[Harvard referencing]] within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.{{citation needed}}
*The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in ''[[The Style Manual of the APA]]'', is most often used in [[social sciences]].  APA style uses [[Harvard referencing]] within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
*The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.<ref name=APSA>Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''.  Rev. ed. August 2006.     
*The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.<ref name=APSA>Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''.  Rev. ed. August 2006.     
[http://www.apsanet.org/content_6899.cfm?navID=248 APSAnet.org Publications].  Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref>
[http://www.apsanet.org/content_6899.cfm?navID=248 APSAnet.org Publications].  Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref>

Revision as of 01:44, 15 August 2009

Template:Otheruses4 Template:Selfref

Loosely, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source).Template:Citation needed More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.Template:Citation needed Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).Template:Citation needed

A prime purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty; to attribute to other authors the ideas they have previously expressed, rather than give the appearance to the work's readers that the work's authors are the original wellsprings of those ideas.Template:Citation needed

The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally-accepted citations systems, such as the Harvard, APA, and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely-known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has its respective advantages and disadvantages relative to the tradeoffs of being informative (but not too disruptive) and thus should be chosen relative to the needs of the type of publication being crafted. Editors will often specify the citation system to use.Template:Citation needed

Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because they do not fulfill the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of one's ideas.Template:Citation needed

Some terms

A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.[1] Different citation systems and styles are used in scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the arts and the humanities.Template:Citation needed

A citation number, used in some citation systems, is a number or symbol added inline and usually in superscript, to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that cites the source. In other citation systems, an inline parenthetical reference is used rather than a citation number, with limited information such as the author's last name, year of publication, and page number referenced; a full identification of the source will then appear in an appended bibliography.Template:Citation needed

Citation content

Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:

  • Book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate.[2][3]
  • Journal: article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).Template:Citation needed
  • Newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.Template:Citation needed
  • Web site: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was accessed.Template:Citation needed
  • Play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).[4]
  • Poem: spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and parenthetical citations usually include the line number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).[4]

Unique identifiers

Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.Template:Citation needed

Citation systems

Broadly speaking, there are two citation systems:[5][6][7]

Note systems

Note systems involve the use of sequential numbers in the text which refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (a note on a separate page at the end of the paper) which gives the source detail.Template:Citation needed The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full note form or a shortened note form.Template:Citation needed

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system without a full bibliography could look like this:Template:Citation needed

"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."1

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper which contains a full bibliography, the shortened note could look like this:

1. Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying 45–60.

and the bibliography entry, which would be required with a shortened note, would look like this:

Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

Citation styles

Template:Styles Template:Main

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems.[7] Others, such as MLA and APA styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system.[6] These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.[8][9][10] The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.Template:Citation needed

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for Aristotle; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene.Template:Citation needed

Some examples of style guides include:

Humanities

Template:Main

  • The Bluebook is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.[13] At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.Template:Citation needed
  • The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (aka McGill Guide), published by McGill Law Journal.[14]

Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine

Template:Main

Social sciences

See also

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Guidelines
Examples
  • Illustrated examples, generated using BibTeX, of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
  • PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using BibTeX.
Style guides
Other online resources

ar:استشهاد ca:Citació cs:Citace de:Zitation fa:نقل‌قول hr:Citiranje radova he:ציטוט ja:参考文献 pl:Cytat pt:Citação sk:Citát fi:Lähdeviittaus

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Long Island University.
  3. ↑ Duke University Libraries 2007.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Brigham Young University 2008.
  5. ↑ University of Maryland, College Park 2006.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Yale University 2008.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Colorado State University 2008.
  8. ↑ California State University 2007.
  9. ↑ Lesley University 2007.
  10. ↑ Rochester Institute of Technology 2003.
  11. ↑ The field of Communication (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often The Publication Manual of the APA (American Psychological Association); designated for short as "APA style".
  12. ↑ The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the MHRA Style Guide is downloadable for free from the Modern Humanities Research Association official Website.
  13. ↑ Martin 2007.
  14. ↑ Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide). McGill Law Journal. Updated October 2008. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  15. ↑ Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
  16. ↑ International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -- Sample References".
  17. ↑ Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide (PDF). University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Canada. Web. November 2007.
  18. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ↑ Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing and Style Manual for Political Science. Rev. ed. August 2006. APSAnet.org Publications. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
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