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| == Styles ==
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| {{main|APA style|MLA style|Chicago style|Bluebook|ASA style|Harvard referencing|Vancouver system}}
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| There are a number of different style guides. Some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; line numbers in poems; [[Bible citation]] by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play, act and scene.
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| Various organizations have created systems of citation to fit their needs. They can broadly be divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations. Some of the most important are:
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| === Humanities ===
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| *The [[APA style]] is the [[American Psychological Association]] style format which is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA style lists sources at the end of the paper, on a References Page. Listing electronic sources of information is more detailed in APA style than in [[MLA style]]. APA style uses [[parenthetical citation]] within the text, listing the author's name and the year the work was made. These work much like the MLA style's parenthetical citations.
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| * The [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) publication on citation is the ''Style Manual for Political Science'', which is a system often used by political science scholars and historians. It is largely based on that of the Chicago Manual of Style.
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| * The [[ASA style]] of [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.
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| *The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>[[#refMartin2007|Martin 2007]].</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citation is controversial among lawyers, because it is thought to be one of the reasons why most laypersons find legal writing hard to read.
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| *The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Style]] was developed and its guide is ''The Chicago Manual of Style''. Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical [[Turabian]] style. Used by writers in many fields.
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| *The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences. More information can be found in ''[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos2006/basic.html The Columbia Guide to Online Style]''.
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| *The [[Harvard referencing|Harvard Style]] (or author-date system) is recommended by the British Standards Institution and involves a short reference (e.g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.
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| *The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] style format and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download [http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/].
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| *[[MLA style manual|MLA style]] was developed by The [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in [[English studies]], [[comparative literature]], foreign-language [[literary criticism]], and some other fields in the [[humanities]]. MLA style uses a Works Cited Page to list works at the end of the paper. Brief parenthetical citations, which include an author and page (if applicable), are used within the text. These direct readers to the work of the author on the list of works cited, and the page of the work where the information is located (e.g. <tt>(Smith 107)</tt> refers the reader to page 107 of the work made by someone named Smith). More information can be found in the ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers''.
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| === Sciences ===
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| *The [[ACS style]] is the [[American Chemical Society]] style format and is often used in chemical literature.<ref>[[#refUCBerkeley|UC Berkeley]].</ref>
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| * In AIP, [[American Institute of Physics]], references in most physics journals are numbered in the text and the reference list.
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| *The AMS styles, e.g., [[AMS-LaTeX]], are styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g., [AB90]. This type of style can also be called a "''Authorship trigraph.''"
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| *The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]], is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
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| ** In one major variant, citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number. (See [http://journaltool.asme.org/Help/AuthorHelp/WebHelp/JournalsHelp.htm ASME] and [http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/publications/authors/transjnl/stylemanual.pdf IEEE] style documentation).
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| * Pechenik is a style described in "A Short Guide to Writing about Biology" by Jan A. Pechenik.
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| == See also == | | == See also == |
Template:Otheruses
Template:Selfref
A citation or bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item, with sufficient detail to allow a reader to locate it. Different citation styles and systems are used in scientific citation, legal citation, theological citation, prior art, patent law, and copyright law.
Citation styles tend to have a two-part structure: a style for citing material within the text, in the form of a footnote, endnote, or Harvard reference, and the provision of a full citation elsewhere; for example, in a bibliography section.
Danielle is retarded.
See also
Notes
Template:Reflist
References
External links
Guidelines
Examples
- Illustrated examples, generated using BibTeX, of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
- PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using BibTeX.
Style guides
de:Zitation
he:ציטוט
ko:인용
cs:Citace
pt:Citação