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| {{otheruses}}
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| {{selfref|For Wikipedia's citation guideline, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]}}
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| {{selfref|For Wikipedia's citation templates, see [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]]}}
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| {{selfref|"Citation needed" redirects here. For the Wikipedia tag, see [[Template:Fact]].}}
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| {{Refimprove|date=September 2008}}
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| A '''citation''' is a reference to a source (not always the original source), published or unpublished (citation needed). A '''bibliographic citation''' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations of both types should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:BIBLIOGRAPHIC+CITATION&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title Google: Definitions of Bibliographic Citation on the Web]</ref> Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], and the [[humanities]].
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| A '''citation number,''' used in some systems, is a number or symbol added [[inline]] and usually in superscript, to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that cites the source. In other citation systems, an [[inline]] parenthetical reference is used rather than a citation number, with limited information such as the author's last name, year of publication, and page number referenced; a full identification of the source will then appear in an appended bibliography.
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| == Citation content ==
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| Citation content may include:
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| *'''BOOK:''' of a book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate;<ref>Long Island University.</ref><ref>Duke University Libraries 2007.</ref>
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| *'''JOURNAL:''' of an article: author(s), article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers, date of publication, and page number(s);
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| *'''NEWSPAPER:''' of a newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication;
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| more than one line of the poem, use a slash (/) with a space before and after it to indicate the separate lines. Include the word "line" or "lines" in the Harvard reference. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15-16).<ref name=Brigham>Brigham Young University 2008.</ref>
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| === Unique identifiers ===
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| == Citation systems ==
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| Broadly speaking, there are two citation systems:<ref>University of Maryland 2006.</ref><ref name=YaleUni>Yale University 2008.</ref><ref name=ColoradoStateUni>Colorado State University 2008.</ref>
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| === Parenthetical systems ===
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| {{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
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| In-text parenthetical citations include abbreviated source information (for example, author and page number) in parentheses in the article text. This is supplemented by complete source information in a list of Works Cited, References, or Bibliography at the end of the paper.
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| For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a parenthetical reference system might look like this:
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| :The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Kubler-Ross, 1969, chap.3).
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| The entry in the References list would look like this:
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| :Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). ''On death and dying''. New York: Macmillian.
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| === Note systems ===
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| Note systems involve the use of sequential numbers in the text which refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (a note on a separate page at the end of the paper) which gives the source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full note form or a shortened note form.
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| For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without a full bibliography'' could look like this:
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| :The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.<sup>1</sup>
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| The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:
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| :1. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillian, 1969), 45–60.
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| In a paper which contains a full bibliography, the shortened note could look like this:
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| :1. Kubler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'', 45–60.
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| and the bibliography entry, which would be required with a shortened note, would look like this:
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| :Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillian, 1969.
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| == Citation styles ==
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| {{styles}}
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| {{main|APA style|MLA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|ASA style|Harvard referencing|Vancouver system}}
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| Citation styles can broadly be divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems.<ref name=ColoradoStateUni/> Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system.<ref name=YaleUni/> These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.<ref>California State University 2007.</ref><ref>Lesley University 2007.</ref><ref>Rochester Institute of Technology 2003.</ref> The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc, particular to their style.
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| A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs, consequently a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play, act and scene.
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| Some examples of style guides include:
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| === Humanities ===
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| * The [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) relies on the ''Style Manual for Political Science'', a style often used by political science scholars and historians. It is largely based on that of the Chicago Manual of Style.
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| * The [[ASA style]] of [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.
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| *The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''The Chicago Manual of Style''. Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical [[Turabian]] style. Used by writers in many fields.
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| *The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
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| *''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.
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| *[[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is recommended by the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and involves a short reference (e.g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.
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| *The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]], and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download.<ref>Modern Humanities Research Association 2007.</ref>
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| *[[MLA style manual|MLA style]] was developed by the [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in the humanities, particularly in [[English studies]], [[comparative literature]], and foreign-language [[literary criticism]]. [[Harvard referencing]] is used within the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a Works Cited page at the end of the paper. See the ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers''.
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| === Legal ===
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| *The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>Martin 2007.</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.
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| *The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the McGill Law Journal's Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation.<ref>http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php</ref>
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| === Sciences ===
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| *The [[ACS style]] is the [[American Chemical Society]] style, often used in chemistry.<ref>University of California Berkeley 2006.</ref>
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| * In the AIP style of the [[American Institute of Physics]], references are numbered in the text and the reference list.
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| *The AMS styles, e.g., [[AMS-LaTeX]], are styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "''Authorship trigraph.''"
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| *The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]], is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
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| ** In one major variant, citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.<ref>American Society of Mechanical Engineers.</ref>
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| *The [[APA style]] is the [[American Psychological Association]] style, which is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA style uses [[Harvard referencing]] within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.
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| * Pechenik is a style described in "A Short Guide to Writing about Biology" by Jan A. Pechenik.<ref>Pechenik 2003.</ref>
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| * IEEE is a style used by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] which encloses citation numbers within square brackets. The reference list is arranged by the order of citation, not by alphabetical order.
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| == Citation problems ==
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| Faulty citations include omissions of relevant papers, incorrect references, and quotation errors that misreport findings. This greatly impedes the growth of scientific knowledge because authors who fail to correctly report relevant studies are passing on false information to their readers. Furthermore, these papers are considered to be legitimate academic sources and thus more likely to be cited themselves by other papers in the future. Hence, this creates a snowball effect often leading to the proliferation of false information.<ref>Wright & Armstrong 2008.</ref>
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| Research has shown that authors often overlook relevant research. This often occurs because they search for evidence only within their own discipline. In a study on escalation bias, papers that supported commonly-held beliefs were cited nine times more frequently than those that conflicted with common beliefs.<ref> Armstrong 1996.</ref>
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| Research done on this subject by marketing professor [[J. Scott Armstrong]] suggests that to prevent faulty citations, authors should use the verification of citations procedure - meaning they should attempt to contact original authors to ensure that they properly cite any studies they rely on to support their main findings. Furthermore, journal editors should require authors to confirm that they have read the papers that they have cited and that they have made reasonable attempts to verify citations. This will help to reduce errors in the reference list, reduce the number of spurious references, and reduce the likelihood of overlooking relevant studies. Once a paper has been published, journals should make it easy for researchers to post relevant studies that have been overlooked. These procedures should help to ensure that new studies build properly on prior research.<ref>Wright & Armstrong 2008.</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
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| *[[Bible citation]]
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| *[[Case citation]]
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| *[[Citation creator]]
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| *[[Citation signal]]
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| *[[Citationality]]
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| *[[Credit (creative arts)]]
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| *[[Cross-reference]]
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| *[[Scholarly method]]
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| *[[Source evaluation]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| == References ==
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| {{refbegin}}
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| * <cite id=refASME>{{cite web |url=http://journaltool.asme.org/Help/AuthorHelp/WebHelp/JournalsHelp.htm |title=ASME Journals Digital Submission Tool |work=ASME.org |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers |accessdate=2008-02-08}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refBrigham>{{cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |work=BYUI.edu |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-02-08}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refCaliforniaStateUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats & Style Manuals |work=CSUChico.edu |year=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refColoradoUni>{{cite web |url=http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/researchsources/documentation/cbe_citation/index.cfm |title=CBE - Council of Biology Editors (Citation/Sequence System) |work=ColoState.edu |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refDukeUni>{{cite web |url=http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/booksingle.html |title=Book with a Single Author |work=Duke.edu |year=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-04}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refIEEEstyle>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/publications/authors/transjnl/stylemanual.pdf |title=IEEE Editorial Style Manual |work=IEEE.org |year=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-08}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refLesleyUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |work=Lesley.edu |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refLongIslandUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |work=LIUNet.edu |accessdate=2008-02-03}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refMartin2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |work=Cornell.edu |first=Peter W |last=Martin |origyear=1993 |date=May 2007 |accessdate=2008-02-03}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refMHRA>{{cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide |work=MHRA.org.uk |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |year=2007 |accessdate=2008-02-08}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refPechenik2004>{{cite book |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |location=[[New York City|New York]] |first=Jan A |last=Pechenik |year=2004 |edition=5th edition |isbn=0321159810 |oclc=52166026}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refRIT>{{cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |work=RIT.edu |year=2003 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refUCBerkeley>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/CHEM/acsstyle.html |title=ACS (American Chemical Society) Style Guidelines Quick Guide |work=Berkeley.edu |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-02-03}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refUniMaryland>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/style_manuals.html |title=Citation Systems and Style Manuals |work=UMD.edu |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
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| * <cite id=refYaleUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/bass/writing/sources/kinds/principles/why.html |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |work=Yale.edu |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
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| *<cite id=refArmstrong 2007>{{cite journal |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/armstrong2/armstrong-managementfolklore.pdf |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science - On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |journal=Interfaces |publisher=Institute of Management Sciences |location=[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] |first=J Scott |last=Armstrong |pages=pp. 28-42 |volume=26 |issue=4 |date=July 1996 |oclc=210941768}}</cite>
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| *<cite id=refWright & Armstrong 2008>{{cite journal |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/Marketing_Content_Management/Marketing_files/Publication_Files/Citations-Interfaces.pdf |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interface |publisher=Institute of Management Sciences |location=[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] |first=Malcolm |last=Wright |coauthors=Armstrong, J Scott |pages=pp. 125-139 |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=March 2008 |oclc=229821277}}</cite>
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| {{refend}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| ;Guidelines
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| *[http://turnitin.com/research_site/e_citation.html "What is citation?"], ''Turnitin.com''
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| *[http://www.library.unt.edu/govinfo/browse-topics/citation-guides-and-style-manuals/citing-government-documents/?searchterm=citing%20government Citing Government Documents/Government Agency Style Manuals], University of North Texas Libraries.
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| *[http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html Guide to Citation Style Guides]
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| *[http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html ONLINE! Citation Styles (An online guide to different citation formats)]
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| *[http://www.documentit.co.uk/download.php Document it Citation and Referee AMS], and the [[AMSRefs]] package.
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| *[http://citationmachine.net/ Citation Machine for MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian formats]
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| ;Examples
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| *[http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html Illustrated examples], generated using [[BibTeX]], of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
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| *PDF file [http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/faq/bibstyles.pdf bibstyles.pdf] illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using [[BibTeX]].
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| ;Style guides
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| *[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citama.htm AMA Citation Style]
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| *[http://www.end-note.com How to write footnotes, endnotes and electronic references in a proper format]
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| * Swarthmore library's Guide to Citation Styles for [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citesci.pdf Science] and [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citestyle.pdf Humanities].
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| [[Category:Bibliography]]
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| [[Category:Reference]]
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| [[ar:استشهاد]]
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| [[ca:Citació]]
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| [[cs:Citace]]
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| [[de:Zitation]]
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| [[fa:نقلقول]]
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| [[hr:Citiranje radova]]
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| [[he:ציטוט]]
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| [[ja:参考文献]]
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| [[pl:Cytat]]
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| [[pt:Citação]]
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| [[sk:Citát]]
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| [[fi:Lähdeviittaus]]
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