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{{otheruses}}
{{otheruses}}{{fact}}
{{selfref|For Wikipedia's citation policies, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] and [[Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia]]}}
{{selfref|For Wikipedia's citation policies, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] and [[Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia]]}}{{fact}}


A '''citation''' or '''bibliographic citation''' is a reference to a [[book]], [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item with sufficient details to uniquely identify the item.  Unpublished writings or speech, such as [[working paper]]s or personal communications, are also sometimes cited. Citations are provided in [[scholarly work]]s, [[bibliography|bibliographies]] and [[index]]es. The word ''citation'' may be used of the act of citing a work as well as to a reference itself.
A '''citation''' or '''bibliographic citation''' is a reference to a [[book]], [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item with sufficient details to uniquely identify the item.{{fact}} Unpublished writings or speech, such as [[working paper]]s or personal communications, are also sometimes cited.{{fact}} Citations are provided in [[scholarly work]]s, [[bibliography|bibliographies]] and [[index]]es.{{fact}} The word ''citation'' may be used of the act of citing a work as well as to a reference itself.{{fact}}


[[Rumination]]s are used in scholarly works to give credit to or to acknowledge the influence of previous works or to refer to authority. Citations permit readers to put claims to the test by consulting earlier works. Authors often engage earlier work directly, explaining why they agree or differ from earlier views. Ideally, sources are [[primary source|primary]] (first-hand), recent, with good [[ethos]], [[credential]]s, and citations.
[[Rumination]]s are used in scholarly works to give credit to or to acknowledge the influence of previous works or to refer to authority.{{fact}} Citations permit readers to put claims to the test by consulting earlier works.{{fact}} Authors often engage earlier work directly, explaining why they agree or differ from earlier views.{{fact}} Ideally, sources are [[primary source|primary]] (first-hand), recent, with good [[ethos]], [[credential]]s, and citations.{{fact}}


Varying rules and practices for citations apply in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], the [[theology citiation]] of authority (e.g. the [[isnad]] which "back" the [[hadith]] in [[Islam]]), the [[prior art]] that applies in [[patent law]], and marks applied in [[copyright]]. Definitions of [[plagiarism]], uniqueness or [[innovation]], trustworthiness or reliability vary so widely among these fields that the use of citations has no simple common practice.   
Varying rules and practices for citations apply in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], the [[theology citiation]] of authority (e.g. the [[isnad]] which "back" the [[hadith]] in [[Islam]]), the [[prior art]] that applies in [[patent law]], and marks applied in [[copyright]].{{fact}} Definitions of [[plagiarism]], uniqueness or [[innovation]], trustworthiness or reliability vary so widely among these fields that the use of citations has no simple common practice.{{fact}}  


Citations may be made in the body of text as [[parenthetical citation]]s, in [[footnote]]s at the bottom of pages, or in [[endnote]]s at the end of the document. They are generally also listed in a [[works cited]] page or section - also called the [[bibliography]], source list or list of [[reference]]s. The recording, use and re-use of citations on computers is facilitated by [[reference management software]], also known as citation management software.  
Citations may be made in the body of text as [[parenthetical citation]]s, in [[footnote]]s at the bottom of pages, or in [[endnote]]s at the end of the document.{{fact}} They are generally also listed in a [[works cited]] page or section - also called the [[bibliography]], source list or list of [[reference]]s.{{fact}} The recording, use and re-use of citations on computers is facilitated by [[reference management software]], also known as citation management software.{{fact}}


[[Citation index|Citation indices]] list published citations of a given work. In addition to being used for bibliographic discovery, they are used in [[bibliometrics]] for citation analysis and calculation of [[citation impact]]. The [[OpenURL]] standard is the basis for [[hyperlink]]s from citations in electronic published works or databases through to electronic copies of the full text of the cited work.
[[Citation index|Citation indices]] list published citations of a given work.{{fact}} In addition to being used for bibliographic discovery, they are used in [[bibliometrics]] for citation analysis and calculation of [[citation impact]].{{fact}} The [[OpenURL]] standard is the basis for [[hyperlink]]s from citations in electronic published works or databases through to electronic copies of the full text of the cited work.{{fact}}


== Content ==
== Content ==
 
{{fact}}
Citations to a book generally include at least author(s), book title, publisher and date of publication. Citations to a journal article generally include at least author(s), article title, journal title, volume, date of publication and page numbers. Citations to a work on the Internet usually include at least a URL and a date that the work was accessed.
Citations to a book generally include at least author(s), book title, publisher and date of publication.{{fact}} Citations to a journal article generally include at least author(s), article title, journal title, volume, date of publication and page numbers.{{fact}} Citations to a work on the Internet usually include at least a URL and a date that the work was accessed.{{fact}}


== Format styles ==
== Format styles ==
{{fact}}
There are a number of different guides which set styles for the format of citations.{{fact}}


There are a number of different guides which set styles for the format of citations.
Some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; line numbers in poems; [[bible citation]] by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play, act and scene.{{fact}}


Some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; line numbers in poems; [[bible citation]] by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play, act and scene.
Various organizations have created systems of citation to fit their needs.{{fact}}  Some of the most important are:


Various organizations have created systems of citation to fit their needs. Some of the most important are:
*The [[ACS style]] is the [[American Chemical Society]] style format and is often used in chemical literature.{{fact}}


*The [[ACS style]] is the [[American Chemical Society]] style format and is often used in chemical literature.
*The [[APA style]] is the [[American Psychological Association]] style format which is most often used in [[social sciences]].{{fact}}  APA style lists sources at the end of the paper, on a References Page.{{fact}}  Listing electronic sources of information is more detailed in APA style than in MLA style.{{fact}}  APA style uses parenthetical citation within the text, listing the author's name and the year the work was made.{{fact}}  These work much like the MLA style's parenthetical citations.{{fact}}


*The [[APA style]] is the [[American Psychological Association]] style format which is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA style lists sources at the end of the paper, on a References Page.  Listing electronic sources of information is more detailed in APA style than in MLA style.  APA style uses parenthetical citation within the text, listing the author's name and the year the work was made.  These work much like the MLA style's parenthetical citations.  
* The [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) publication on citation is the [[Style Manual for Political Science]], which is a system often used by political science scholars and historians.{{fact}} It is largely based on that of the Chicago Manual of Style.{{fact}}


* The [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) publication on citation is the [[Style Manual for Political Science]], which is a system often used by political science scholars and historians. It is largely based on that of the Chicago Manual of Style.
* The [[ASA style]] of [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications{{fact}}


* The [[ASA style]] of [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications
*The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.{{fact}} The dominance of the Bluebook is currently being challenged by the newer [[ALWD Citation Manual]].{{fact}} At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.{{fact}} Inline citation is controversial among lawyers, because it is thought to be one of the reasons why most laypersons find legal writing hard to read.{{fact}}


*The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts. The dominance of the Bluebook is currently being challenged by the newer [[ALWD Citation Manual]]. At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citation is controversial among lawyers, because it is thought to be one of the reasons why most laypersons find legal writing hard to read.
*The [[CBE style]] is the [[Council of Biology Editors]] style format, which is most often used in scientific papers and research.{{fact}}


*The [[CBE style]] is the [[Council of Biology Editors]] style format, which is most often used in scientific papers and research.
*The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Style]] was developed and its guide is ''The Chicago Manual of Style''.{{fact}}  Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical [[Turabian]] style.{{fact}}


*The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Style]] was developed and its guide is ''The Chicago Manual of Style''. Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical [[Turabian]] style.
*The [[Columbia Style]] was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources.{{fact}}  Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.{{fact}}  More information can be found in ''[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/index.html The Columbia Guide to Online Style]''.{{fact}}


*The [[Columbia Style]] was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences. More information can be found in ''[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/index.html The Columbia Guide to Online Style]''.
*The [[IEEE Style]] is commonly used in technical fields, particularly in [[computer science]].{{fact}} In IEEE style, citations are numbered, but citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts.{{fact}} All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.{{fact}} For more information, see [http://www.ecf.toronto.edu/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html IEEE Style Documentation].{{fact}}


*The [[IEEE Style]] is commonly used in technical fields, particularly in [[computer science]]. In IEEE style, citations are numbered, but citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number. For more information, see [http://www.ecf.toronto.edu/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html IEEE Style Documentation].
*The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] style format and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] where the MHRA is based.{{fact}} It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences.{{fact}} The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end.{{fact}} Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details.{{fact}} The guide is available for free download [http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/].{{fact}}


*The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] style format and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] where the MHRA is based. It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download [http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/].
*[[MLA style manual|MLA style]] was developed by The [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in [[English studies]], [[comparative literature]], foreign-language [[literary criticism]], and some other fields in the [[humanities]].{{fact}}  MLA style uses a Works Cited Page to list works at the end of the paper.{{fact}}  Brief parenthetical citations, which include an author and page (if applicable), are used within the text.{{fact}}  These direct readers to the work of the author on the list of works cited, and the page of the work where the information is located (e.g. <tt>(Smith 107)</tt> refers the reader to page 107 of the work made by someone named Smith).{{fact}}  More information can be found in the ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers''.{{fact}}


*[[MLA style manual|MLA style]] was developed by The [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in [[English studies]], [[comparative literature]], foreign-language [[literary criticism]], and some other fields in the [[humanities]].  MLA style uses a Works Cited Page to list works at the end of the paper.  Brief parenthetical citations, which include an author and page (if applicable), are used within the text.  These direct readers to the work of the author on the list of works cited, and the page of the work where the information is located (e.g. <tt>(Smith 107)</tt> refers the reader to page 107 of the work made by someone named Smith).  More information can be found in the ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers''.
*[[Author-date system]]{{fact}}
 
*[[Author-date system]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
  {{fact}}
*[[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
*[[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
*[[Bekker numbers]] for citations of Aristotle
*[[Bekker numbers]] for citations of Aristotle
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*[[Webciting]]
*[[Webciting]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{fact}}


* American Psychological Association (2001) ''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition''. American Psychological Association. ISBN 1-55798-791-2
* American Psychological Association (2001) ''Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition''. American Psychological Association. ISBN 1-55798-791-2
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* {{cite journal| author = Gunther Eysenbach and Mathieu Trudel | year = 2005 | title = Going, going, still there: using the WebCite service to permanently archive cited web pages | url = http://www.jmir.org/2005/5/e60/ | journal = Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume = 7 | issue = 5}}
* {{cite journal| author = Gunther Eysenbach and Mathieu Trudel | year = 2005 | title = Going, going, still there: using the WebCite service to permanently archive cited web pages | url = http://www.jmir.org/2005/5/e60/ | journal = Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume = 7 | issue = 5}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
===Guidelines===
{{fact}}
===Guidelines===
{{fact}}
* Radford, Robert, ''[http://www.angelfire.com/tv2/robertradford0/Footnotes/footnotes.htm How to write footnotes or endnotes]''.
* Radford, Robert, ''[http://www.angelfire.com/tv2/robertradford0/Footnotes/footnotes.htm How to write footnotes or endnotes]''.
*[http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/apa4b.htm Psychology with Style: A Hypertext Writing Guide]
*[http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/apa4b.htm Psychology with Style: A Hypertext Writing Guide]
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*[http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html Guide to Citation Style Guides]
*[http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html Guide to Citation Style Guides]


===Style guides===
===Style guides===
{{fact}}
*[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citama.htm AMA Citation Style]
*[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citama.htm AMA Citation Style]
*[http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html An online guide to different citation formats]
*[http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html An online guide to different citation formats]
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*[http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation Introduction to Basic Legal Citation - Martin]
*[http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation Introduction to Basic Legal Citation - Martin]


===Tools===
===Tools===
{{fact}}
* [http://www.webcitation.org WebCite], a site which allows authors who want to cite web pages to permanently archive a cited web page, to prevent [[linkrot]]. Instead of citing the original URL, authors [webcite] a web page by citing the WebCite URL in combination with a unique identifier (snapshot ID)
* [http://www.webcitation.org WebCite], a site which allows authors who want to cite web pages to permanently archive a cited web page, to prevent [[linkrot]]. Instead of citing the original URL, authors [webcite] a web page by citing the WebCite URL in combination with a unique identifier (snapshot ID)
* [http://citationmachine.net/ The Citation Machine], a site which generates full MLA and APA citations.
* [http://citationmachine.net/ The Citation Machine], a site which generates full MLA and APA citations.
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*[http://www.studentabc.com/citation_machine StudentABC - Citation Machine] Automatically generate an APA or MLA citation from a URL
*[http://www.studentabc.com/citation_machine StudentABC - Citation Machine] Automatically generate an APA or MLA citation from a URL


===Other===
===Other=== {{fact}}
*[http://www.ee.ucla.edu/~simkin/read_before_you_cite.html Unread citations]
*[http://www.ee.ucla.edu/~simkin/read_before_you_cite.html Unread citations]


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[[ru:Цитата]]
[[ru:Цитата]]
[[sk:Citát]]
[[sk:Citát]]
{{fact}}

Revision as of 09:57, 15 December 2006

Template:OtherusesTemplate:Fact Template:SelfrefTemplate:Fact

A citation or bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item with sufficient details to uniquely identify the item.Template:Fact Unpublished writings or speech, such as working papers or personal communications, are also sometimes cited.Template:Fact Citations are provided in scholarly works, bibliographies and indexes.Template:Fact The word citation may be used of the act of citing a work as well as to a reference itself.Template:Fact

Ruminations are used in scholarly works to give credit to or to acknowledge the influence of previous works or to refer to authority.Template:Fact Citations permit readers to put claims to the test by consulting earlier works.Template:Fact Authors often engage earlier work directly, explaining why they agree or differ from earlier views.Template:Fact Ideally, sources are primary (first-hand), recent, with good ethos, credentials, and citations.Template:Fact

Varying rules and practices for citations apply in scientific citation, legal citation, the theology citiation of authority (e.g. the isnad which "back" the hadith in Islam), the prior art that applies in patent law, and marks applied in copyright.Template:Fact Definitions of plagiarism, uniqueness or innovation, trustworthiness or reliability vary so widely among these fields that the use of citations has no simple common practice.Template:Fact

Citations may be made in the body of text as parenthetical citations, in footnotes at the bottom of pages, or in endnotes at the end of the document.Template:Fact They are generally also listed in a works cited page or section - also called the bibliography, source list or list of references.Template:Fact The recording, use and re-use of citations on computers is facilitated by reference management software, also known as citation management software.Template:Fact

Citation indices list published citations of a given work.Template:Fact In addition to being used for bibliographic discovery, they are used in bibliometrics for citation analysis and calculation of citation impact.Template:Fact The OpenURL standard is the basis for hyperlinks from citations in electronic published works or databases through to electronic copies of the full text of the cited work.Template:Fact

Content

Template:Fact Citations to a book generally include at least author(s), book title, publisher and date of publication.Template:Fact Citations to a journal article generally include at least author(s), article title, journal title, volume, date of publication and page numbers.Template:Fact Citations to a work on the Internet usually include at least a URL and a date that the work was accessed.Template:Fact

Format styles

Template:Fact There are a number of different guides which set styles for the format of citations.Template:Fact

Some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for Aristotle; line numbers in poems; bible citation by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene.Template:Fact

Various organizations have created systems of citation to fit their needs.Template:Fact Some of the most important are:

  • The Bluebook is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.Template:Fact The dominance of the Bluebook is currently being challenged by the newer ALWD Citation Manual.Template:Fact At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.Template:Fact Inline citation is controversial among lawyers, because it is thought to be one of the reasons why most laypersons find legal writing hard to read.Template:Fact

See also

 Template:Fact

References

Template:Fact

  • American Psychological Association (2001) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition. American Psychological Association. ISBN 1-55798-791-2
  • Gibaldi, J. (1871) MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (27th Ed). Modern Language Association. ISBN 0-87352-986-3
  • Walker, J and Taylor, T. (1998) The Columbia Guide to Online Style. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10789-7
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Template:Fact

Guidelines

Template:Fact

Style guides

Template:Fact

Tools

Template:Fact

  • WebCite, a site which allows authors who want to cite web pages to permanently archive a cited web page, to prevent linkrot. Instead of citing the original URL, authors [webcite] a web page by citing the WebCite URL in combination with a unique identifier (snapshot ID)
  • The Citation Machine, a site which generates full MLA and APA citations.
  • The Citation Functions: Literary Production and Reception by The (In)Citers, featuring full position statements and citation bibliography
  • [2], a site that presents the format used by the APSA.
  • StudentABC - Citation Machine Automatically generate an APA or MLA citation from a URL

===Other=== Template:Fact

ca:Citació de:Zitation he:ציטוט pl:Cytat pt:Citação ru:Цитата sk:Citát

Template:Fact

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