View source for Module:Citation

{{short description|Reference to a source}}
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{{about-confused|references to a source|Website}}
{{for-multi|help making citations within Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citing sources|help citing Wikipedia in external sources|Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia|selfref=yes}}
{{for-multi|"&lt;cite>"|HTML element#cite{{!}}HTML element||Citation (disambiguation)|and|Cité (disambiguation)|and|CITE (disambiguation)}}
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{{Research}}
[[File:Webcomic xkcd - Wikipedian protester - English.svg|thumb|''[[xkcd]]'' webcomic titled "[[Wikipedian]] Protester". The sign says: "{{bracket|[[Citation needed (Wikipedia)|CITATION NEEDED]]}}".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://xkcd.com/285/ |title=Wikipedian Protester |first=Randall |last=Munroe |work=xkcd |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225215024/https://www.xkcd.com/285/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
A '''citation''' is a [[reference]] to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).

Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g.,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |title=What Does it Mean to Cite? |publisher=MIT Academic Integrity |access-date=2015-09-28 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203103/http://integrity.mit.edu/handbook/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ''ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,'' 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.</ref>), correct attribution of insights to previous sources is just one of these purposes.<ref>Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. "Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers." ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes'' 10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.</ref> Linguistic analysis of citation-practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, identifying gaps in the existing knowledge that should be filled or describing areas where inquiries should be continued or replicated.<ref>Swales, J. M. (2004). Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139524827</ref> Citation has also been identified as a critical means by which researchers establish stance: aligning themselves with or against subgroups of fellow researchers working on similar projects and staking out opportunities for creating new knowledge.<ref>Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.</ref>

Conventions of citation (e.g., placement of dates within parentheses, superscripted [[Note (typography)|endnotes vs. footnotes]], colons or commas for page numbers, etc.) vary by the citation-system used (e.g., [[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities|Oxford]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023831/http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Parenthetical referencing|Harvard]], [[MLA Handbook|MLA]], [[Citing Medicine|NLM]], [[ASA style|American Sociological Association]] (ASA), [[APA style|American Psychological Association]] (APA), etc.). Each system is associated with different [[Academic discipline|academic disciplines]], and [[Academic journal|academic journals]] associated with these disciplines maintain the relevant citational style by recommending and adhering to the relevant [[Style guide|style guides]].

== Concept ==
A ''bibliographic citation'' is a reference to a book, [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |access-date=2009-02-27}}</ref> Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], [[the arts]], and the [[humanities]]. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward "the right to refuse unwanted citations" in certain situations deemed inappropriate.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva|author2= Quan-Hoang Vuong|date=2021|title=The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation | journal=Scientometrics |volume=126|issue=6|pages=5355–5360|doi=10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9|pmid= 33994602|pmc= 8105147|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Content ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
* ''Book:'' authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |title=Anatomy of a Citation |website=LIU.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905125227/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workbook/evaluate.htm#citing |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-28 |ref=refLongIslandUni}}</ref>
* ''Journal:'' authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
* ''Newspaper:'' authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
* ''Web site:'' authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
* ''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452–53).<ref name="Brigham">{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |title=How to cite sources in the body of your paper |year=2008 |website=BYUI.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113174823/http://www.byui.edu/english/mlaguide/MLA_intext_citation.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2011 |access-date=2008-02-08 |ref=refBrigham}}</ref>
* ''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line numbers. For example: "For I must love because I live&nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).<ref name=Brigham/>
* ''Interview:'' name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
* ''Data:'' authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.

=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include [[unique identifier]]s depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI) or an [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).

== Systems ==
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.<ref name="ELhelpdesk">{{cite web |last=Pantcheva |first=Marina |date=nd |title=Citation styles: Vancouver and Harvard systems |url=https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |website=site.uit.no |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701114257/https://site.uit.no/english/writing-style/citationstyles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE) adds a third, the'' citation-name system''.<ref name="council2006scientific">Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee (2007). Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers.</ref>

=== Vancouver system ===
{{main|Vancouver system}}
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver (Numbering) |url=https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/vancouver/index.aspx |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=University of Birmingham |language=en-GB}}</ref> The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system ''without'' a full bibliography could look like:

:"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."<sup>1</sup>

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

:1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:

:1. Kübler-Ross, ''On Death and Dying'' 45–60.

The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:

:Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. ''On Death and Dying''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |title=How to Write Research Papers with Citations: MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes |access-date=2010-01-31 |archive-date=2010-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616071855/http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Parenthetical referencing ===
{{main|Parenthetical referencing}}
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.<ref>{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=26 July 2020|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}</ref>

An example of a parenthetical reference:
:"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance" (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted".

In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a [[tooltip]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140433/https://livereference.org/ Live Reference Initiative]}}. Retrieved 2012-04-28.</ref> This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.

== Styles ==
{{Styles}}
{{Further|APA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|MLA style|ASA style}}
{{For|citation templates on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Citation templates|selfref=yes}}

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |title=Citation Formats & Style Manuals |year=2007 |website=CSUChico.edu |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refCaliforniaStateUni |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225232139/http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2005 |website=Lesley.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refLesleyUni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |year=2003 |website=RIT.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203115324/http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-02-11 |ref=refRIT}}</ref> The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play.

The [[Citation Style Language]] (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.

=== Humanities ===
* The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related [[Turabian]] style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
* The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
* ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.<ref name="evidence">Elizabeth Shown Mills. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009.</ref>
* [[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]]. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]]. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
* [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English ("[[foreign languages]]"), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], film, and other [[Mass media|media]], including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "works cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).{{efn|The field of [[communication]] (or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as "[[APA style]]".}}
* The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.<ref>The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official website. {{Cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses |year=2008 |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association |access-date=2009-02-05 |archive-date=2005-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910055050/http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |url-status=dead }} (2nd ed.)</ref>

In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term ''footnote'' is actually used as a synonym for ''reference'', and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
* The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |last=Martin |first=Peter W |date=May 2007 |website=Cornell.edu |orig-year=1993 |access-date=2008-02-03 |ref=refMartin2007 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004233927/https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
* The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''[[Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]]'' (AKA ''McGill Guide''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.<ref>''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130210184155/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)]}}''. ''McGill Law Journal''. Updated October 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-05.</ref>
* British legal citation almost universally follows the ''[[Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities]]'' (OSCOLA).

=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
* The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in chemistry and some of the [[physical sciences]]. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
* In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] ([[AIP style]]), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
* Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an "authorship trigraph".
* The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
** In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
** The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.<ref>[http://www.icmje.org "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005051625/http://www.icmje.org/ |date=2019-10-05 }}.</ref>  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides "ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] – Sample References".<ref>International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals – Sample References"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221120314/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html |date=2006-12-21 }}.</ref>
* The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See [[AMA Manual of Style]].
* The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf IEEE Style Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043706/http://www.ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved 2015-02-16.</ref>
* In areas of biology that falls within the [[ICNafp]] (which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in ''[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]''), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following ''Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum'' for periodicals and ''Taxonomic Literature 2'' (later [[IPNI]]) for books.
* Pechenik citation style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'', 6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].<ref>[http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf "Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929032143/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/colleges-and-schools/college-of-arts-and-sciences/majors-programs/Biology/Undergraduate_Research/Forms/citation_guide.pdf |date=2015-09-29 }} ([[PDF]]). [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada. [[World Wide Web|Web]]. November 2007.</ref>
* In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a [[citation index|bibliographic system for scientific literature]], to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].<ref name="cisn">{{Cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |year=2006 |title=Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1123–1127 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl189 |pmid=16987841 |doi-access=}}</ref>

=== Social sciences ===
* The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]]. APA citation style is similar to [[Harvard referencing]], listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms: ''name citations'' in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and ''author-date citations'', in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a "references" section.
* The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.<ref name="APSA">Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store APSAnet.org Publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929073143/http://www.apsanet.org/PUBLICATIONS/Online-Store |date=2015-09-29 }}. Retrieved 2015-09-28.</ref> The style is close to the CMOS.
* The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|title=Publishing Style Guide - Stay Informed|website=www.aaanet.org|access-date=Apr 28, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061048/http://aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[ASA style]] of the [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.

== Issues ==
{{see also|Impact factor#Editorial policies that affect the impact factor}}In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a "half-life", that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.<ref>Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova (2010). ''Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age''. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books. {{ISBN|978-1-936117-14-7}}</ref>

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong |year=1994 |title=Replications and Extensions in Marketing: Rarely Published But Quite Contrary |url=http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Marketing |s2cid-access=free |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1016/0167-8116(94)90003-5 |s2cid=18205635 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2017-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010807/http://cogprints.org/5199/1/Replications%2Dand%2DExtensions%2Din%2DMarketing.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.<ref>Peoples N, Østbye T, Yan LL. "Burden of proof: combating inaccurate citation in biomedical literature". ''BMJ''. 2023 Nov 6;383. {{doi|10.1136/bmj-2023-076441}}.</ref> For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.<ref name="Serenko2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Serenko |first1=A. |last2=Dumay |first2=J. |last3=Hsiao |first3=P-C.K. |last4=Choo |first4=C.W. |date=2021 |title=Do They Practice What They Preach? The Presence of Problematic Citations in Business Ethics Research |url=http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1320 |doi=10.1108/JD-01-2021-0018 |s2cid=237823862 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193000/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Do_They_Practice.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.<ref name="Wright2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Malcolm |last2=Armstrong |first2=J.&nbsp;Scott |author-link2=J. Scott Armstrong |date=2008 |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |issn=0092-2102 |eissn=1526-551X |jstor=25062982 |oclc=5582131729 |ssrn=1941335 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cumberledge |first1=Aaron |last2=Smith |first2=Neal |last3=Riley |first3=Benjamin W. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Unverified history: an analysis of quotation accuracy in leading history journals |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=128 |issue=8 |pages=4677–4687 |doi=10.1007/s11192-023-04755-w |s2cid=259519993 |issn=1588-2861|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.<ref>Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. D. (2008). What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior. Journal of Documentation, 64(1), 45–80.</ref> Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anauati |first1=Maria Victoria |last2=Galiani |first2=Sebastian |last3=Gálvez |first3=Ramiro H. |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research |ssrn=2523078 |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=1339–1355}}</ref> For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Wesel |first1=M. |last2=Wyatt |first2=S. |last3=ten Haaf |first3=J. |year=2014 |title=What a difference a colon makes: how superficial factors influence subsequent citation |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |journal=Scientometrics |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=1601–1615 |doi=10.1007/s11192-013-1154-x |s2cid=18553863 |hdl=20.500.11755/2fd7fc12-1766-4ddd-8f19-1d2603d2e11d |hdl-access=free |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035317/https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/894334/art_3A10.1007_2Fs11192_013_1154_x.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".<ref name="Brembs2018">{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Nature Index]] recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.nature.com/2TdWoM6 |title=Studies suggest 5 ways to increase citation counts |last=Crew |first=Bec |date=7 August 2019 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] Index |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218015207/https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/studies-research-five-ways-increase-citation-counts |url-status=live }}</ref> They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=John |year=2016 |title=An analysis of the titles of papers submitted to the UK REF in 2014: authors, disciplines, and stylistic details |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2081-4 |pmc=5065898 |pmid=27795594}}</ref> (2) release the results early as preprints;<ref>{{Cite bioRxiv |biorxiv=10.1101/673665 |first1=Nicholas |last1=Fraser |first2=Fakhri |last2=Momeni |title=The effect of bioRxiv preprints on citations and altmetrics |first3=Philipp |last3=Mayr |first4=Isabell |last4=Peters |year=2019}}</ref> (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abramo |first1=Giovanni |last2=D'Angelo |first2=Ciriaco Andrea |last3=Di Costa |first3=Flavia |year=2016 |title=The effect of a country's name in the title of a publication on its visibility and citability |journal=[[Scientometrics]] |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=1895–1909 |arxiv=1810.12657 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-2120-1|s2cid=4354082 }}</ref> (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1907.02565 |first1=Giovanni |last1=Colavizza |first2=Iain |last2=Hrynaszkiewicz |title=The citation advantage of linking publications to research data |first3=Isla |last3=Staden |first4=Kirstie |last4=Whitaker |first5=Barbara |last5=McGillivray |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2019|volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=e0230416 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0230416 |pmid=32320428 |pmc=7176083 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1530416C |doi-access=free }}</ref> and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhi Quan |last2=Tse |first2=T.H. |last3=Witheridge |first3=Matt |year=2021 |title=Metamorphic robustness testing: Exposing hidden defects in citation statistics and journal impact factors |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1164–1183 |doi=10.1109/TSE.2019.2915065|bibcode=2021ITSEn..47.1164Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including ''The Lancet'', ''JAMA'' and ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heneberg |first=P. |year=2014 |title=Parallel Worlds of Citable Documents and Others: Inflated Commissioned Opinion Articles Enhance Scientometric Indicators |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=3 |page=635 |doi=10.1002/asi.22997 |s2cid=3165853 |url=https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-06-20 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202227/https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.22997 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fister |first1=I. Jr. |last2=Fister |first2=I. |last3=Perc |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Toward the Discovery of Citation Cartels in Citation Networks |journal=Frontiers in Physics |volume=4 |pages=49 |bibcode=2016FrP.....4...49F |doi=10.3389/fphy.2016.00049 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Citation Politics===
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins-White |first=Amy |title=Library Guides: Citation politics : Getting Started |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/citation-politics |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=unimelb.libguides.com |language=en}}</ref> As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Annabel L. |date=2020 |title=The Politics of Citation |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |journal=Diacritics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1353/dia.2020.0016 |issn=1080-6539|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author’s academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Christen A. |last2=Garrett-Scott |first2=Dominique |date=2021-04-05 |title="We are not named": Black women and the politics of citation in anthropology |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/fea2.12038 |journal=Feminist Anthropology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=18–37 |doi=10.1002/fea2.12038 |issn=2643-7961|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Matthew effect|Matthew Effect]] and [[Matilda effect|Matilda Effect]] describe phenomena to this effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Keisha S. |last2=Zurn |first2=Perry |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Bassett |first4=Dani S. |last5=Resnik |first5=David B. |date=2022-08-18 |title=Citation bias, diversity, and ethics |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |journal=Accountability in Research |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |doi=10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257 |issn=0898-9621|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kwon |first=Diana |date=2022-03-22 |title=The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00793-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=568–571 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00793-1 |pmid=35318470 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..568K }}</ref>

However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.<ref name=":1" /> For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=Suleman |date=2024-12-05 |title=An Autoethnographic Perspective on Scholarly Impact, Citation Politics, and North–South Power Dynamics |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |journal=Life Writing |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=603–629 |doi=10.1080/14484528.2024.2430666 |issn=1448-4528|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Fernanda R. |last2=Anastácio |first2=Kimberly |last3=Pereira de Jesus |first3=Maria Vitoria |last4=Veras |first4=Hemanuel Jhosé A. |date=June 2024 |title=Citation politics: The gender gap in internet governance |journal=Telecommunications Policy |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=102734 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102734 |issn=0308-5961|doi-access=free }}</ref> Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.<ref name=":0" />

Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.<ref name=":1" /> Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.<ref name=":1" />

==Research and development==
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. [[Citation analysis]] is a method widely used in [[metascience]].
===Citation analysis===
{{Excerpt|Citation analysis|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-2}}
===Citation frequency===
{{See also|Metascience#Evaluation and incentives}}
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Citation frequency|hat=no}}
===Progress and citation consolidation===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|Progress and citation consolidation|hat=no}}
===IT systems===
{{Excerpt|Scientific citation|IT systems|subsections=yes|hat=no}}
== See also ==
<!-- New links in alpphabetial order please -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
* [[Bible citation]]
* [[Case citation]]
* [[Citation creator]]
* [[Citation index]]
* [[Citation signal]]
* [[Citationality]]
* [[Coercive citation]]
* [[Credit (creative arts)]]
* [[Cross-reference]]
* [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment]]
* [[Scholarly method]]
* [[Source evaluation]]
* [[Style guide]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}

<!-- This list needs to be ordered alphabetically. -->
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J Scott |date=July 1996 |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science{{snd}}On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=marketing_papers |journal=Interfaces |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=28–42 |doi=10.1287/inte.26.4.25 |oclc=210941768 |ref=refArmstrong 2007 |access-date=2019-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720064706/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=marketing_papers |url-status=live }}
* <cite id=refPechenik2004>{{Cite book |last=Pechenik |first=Jan A |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-321-15981-6 |edition=5th |location=[[New York City|New York]] |oclc=52166026 |ref=refMHRA}}</cite>
* {{Cite web |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 |ref=refYaleUni |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |date=25 June 2015 }}
* {{cite web |title=Why Cite Sources in Your Academic Writing? |url=https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/using-sources/principles-citing-sources/why-cite |author=Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning |website=Yale.edu |access-date=2025-01-23 }}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Intellectual history]]
[[Category:Reference]]
[[Category:Sources]]
[[Category:Writing]]